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Germany
Full profile
GDP of $5.12 tn in 2025, real growth of 0.2% and inflation of 2.3%, by the IMF’s figures.
Germany was the 8th-largest U.S. goods trading partner in January–August 2026, with $158.6B of trade (up 0.4% from a year earlier), and Chicago, IL handled the most of it (9.5% of the trade through listed ports).
Overview
Germany in figures
The latest figure each source reports. Annual figures come from one international source on one definition for every country, so they compare across this site’s country pages.
Output
IMF World Economic Outlook and World Bank, annual
Prices and jobs
IMF and World Bank (ILO modelled estimates), annual
Public finances and the external account
IMF and World Bank, annual, % of GDP
Latest readings
OECD, quarterly and monthly
Sectors
What the economy produces
Each sector’s value added as a share of GDP, and how fast it grew in real terms. World Bank, annual.
- Agriculture, forestry and fishing0.9%
0.7% in 2015 (+0.2 pp)
- Industry, including construction25.2%
25.9% in 2015 (−0.7 pp)
- of which Manufacturing17.6%
20.1% in 2015 (−2.5 pp)
- Services64.5%
62.6% in 2015 (+1.9 pp)
| Sector | Latest | 5-year average |
|---|---|---|
| Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 0.5%2025 | 1.5% |
| Industry, including construction | −1.1%2025 | −1.0% |
| Manufacturing | −1.0%2025 | 0.8% |
| Services | 0.5%2025 | 1.8% |
World Bank, World Development Indicators (national accounts). The five-year average is the compound annual rate over the last five years with figures, calculated by CK Economics.
Outlook
Where the IMF and CK see it going
The IMF’s World Economic Outlook projections next to the last two years it reports, and CK Economics’ own backtested forecasts, labelled as ours, in a table of their own.
IMF forecast
World Economic Outlook, October 2026. Shaded columns from 2026 on are the IMF’s projections, not CK Economics’.
| Indicator | 2024 | 2025 | 2026IMF forecast → | 2027 (IMF forecast) | 2028 (IMF forecast) | 2029 (IMF forecast) | 2030 (IMF forecast) | Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth, % | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | |
| Inflation, annual average, % | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | |
| Unemployment rate, % | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.9 | |
| Government balance, % of GDP | −2.7 | −2.9 | −4.3 | −4.6 | −4.5 | −4.2 | −4.1 | |
| Government gross debt, % of GDP | 61.4 | 62.7 | 64.6 | 66.9 | 69.3 | 71.5 | 73.6 | |
| Current account balance, % of GDP | 5.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 |
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, via the IMF DataMapper. Years before 2026 are the IMF’s reported series, which for some countries include staff estimates.
CK forecast
A baseline forecast, not a scenario: an ensemble of statistical models and the IMF’s forecast, published only where its backtest beat naive. Ranges are 80%.
| Indicator | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth, % | 1.30.5 to 3.2 | 1.1−2.4 to 3.6 | 1.1−1.5 to 4.1 |
| Inflation, % | 2.72.3 to 3.0 | 3.01.3 to 4.6 | 2.00.3 to 4.3 |
| Unemployment rate, % | 4.03.5 to 4.4 | 3.72.7 to 4.7 | – |
CK Economics, from the IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2026. Scorecards and past forecasts →
Trade
U.S. trade with Germany
U.S. Census Bureau goods trade between Germany and the United States, by month, U.S. port and product.
National totals · January–August 2026
All U.S. customs districts. Imports are general imports; exports are total exports.
- Imports
- $100.6B
- −2.6% y/y
- Exports
- $57.9B
- +6.0% y/y
- Total trade
- $158.6B
- +0.4% y/y
- U.S. deficit
- $42.7B
- $6.0B smaller than a year earlier
- Share of U.S. trade
- 3.9%
- 8th of 233 partners
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticCK estimateSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- U.S. trade with Germany, all U.S. customs districts
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- Monthly values summed over the period by CK Economics. Total trade (imports + exports), balance, share of U.S. trade, rank and year-on-year changes calculated by CK Economics
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value.
Port subtotals
U.S. ports handling trade with Germany
The 254 ports listed cover 98.0% of national trade ($155.4B of $158.6B). Another 2.0% went by mail, low-value shipments or through ports Census doesn’t name.
| U.S. port, activate to sort | Imports, activate to sort | Exports, activate to sort | Total trade, sorted descending; activate to reverse | Balance, activate to sort | Share of listed-port trade, activate to sort | Trade y/y, activate to sort |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago, IL3901Mainly air | $9.1B | $5.7B | $14.8B | −$3.4B | 9.5% | +12.9% |
| Charleston, SC1601Mainly vessel | $7.9B | $3.3B | $11.2B | −$4.6B | 7.2% | −3.3% |
| Newark, NJ1003Mainly vessel | $9.4B | $1.5B | $10.9B | −$7.9B | 7.0% | −0.6% |
| JFK International Airport, NY1012Mainly air | $5.0B | $5.2B | $10.2B | $237.0M | 6.6% | −6.4% |
| New Orleans, LA2002Mainly air | $3.8B | $5.7B | $9.5B | $2.0B | 6.1% | +1.9% |
| Norfolk-Newport News, VA1401Mainly vessel | $6.1B | $2.4B | $8.5B | −$3.7B | 5.5% | +8.0% |
| Atlanta, GA1704Mainly air | $7.3B | $1.2B | $8.4B | −$6.1B | 5.4% | −10.4% |
| Cleveland, OH4101Mainly air | $2.3B | $4.2B | $6.4B | $1.9B | 4.1% | +5.6% |
| Houston, TX5301Mainly vessel | $3.5B | $2.9B | $6.4B | −$640.6M | 4.1% | +11.1% |
| Baltimore, MD1303Mainly vessel | $5.8B | $340.3M | $6.2B | −$5.5B | 4.0% | −4.3% |
| Los Angeles International Airport, CA2720Mainly air | $2.6B | $1.9B | $4.5B | −$623.5M | 2.9% | +8.6% |
| Brunswick, GA1701Mainly vessel | $2.2B | $1.6B | $3.8B | −$639.9M | 2.5% | −12.6% |
| Savannah, GA1703Mainly vessel | $2.5B | $713.3M | $3.2B | −$1.8B | 2.1% | +3.1% |
| Miami International Airport, FL5206Mainly air | $1.2B | $2.1B | $3.2B | $905.7M | 2.1% | −11.4% |
| Los Angeles, CA2704Mainly vessel | $1.8B | $512.8M | $2.3B | −$1.3B | 1.5% | +10.8% |
| San Francisco International Airport, CA2801Mainly air | $1.1B | $1.1B | $2.2B | $35.7M | 1.4% | +1.6% |
| Logan Airport, MA0417Mainly air | $835.9M | $1.1B | $2.0B | $314.0M | 1.3% | +1.0% |
| Dallas-Fort Worth, TX5501Mainly air | $1.1B | $760.2M | $1.9B | −$337.0M | 1.2% | +23.5% |
| Detroit, MI3801Mainly land/other | $1.6B | $179.7M | $1.8B | −$1.5B | 1.2% | +16.1% |
| Washington, DC5401Mainly air | $1.2B | $526.3M | $1.7B | −$637.2M | 1.1% | −6.0% |
| Everett, WA3006Mainly land/other | $0 | $1.7B | $1.7B | $1.7B | 1.1% | +82.5% |
| Chester, PA1102Mainly vessel | $1.2B | $448.6M | $1.7B | −$753.2M | 1.1% | +6.1% |
| Corpus Christi, TX5312Mainly vessel | $4.6M | $1.6B | $1.6B | $1.6B | 1.1% | +7.0% |
| Philadelphia, PA1101Mainly vessel | $1.5B | $104.3M | $1.6B | −$1.4B | 1.0% | −23.6% |
| Port Hueneme, CA2713Mainly vessel | $1.4B | $0 | $1.4B | −$1.4B | 0.90% | −0.4% |
| Freeport, TX5311Mainly vessel | $846.7M | $494.4M | $1.3B | −$352.3M | 0.86% | −18.2% |
| New York, NY1001Mainly vessel | $273.6M | $1.0B | $1.3B | $765.0M | 0.84% | −11.1% |
| Galveston, TX5310Mainly vessel | $1.2B | $33.1M | $1.3B | −$1.2B | 0.82% | +24.8% |
| Houston Intercontinental Airport, TX5309Mainly air | $742.3M | $518.3M | $1.3B | −$223.9M | 0.81% | +37.3% |
| Jacksonville, FL1803Mainly vessel | $1.3B | $5.3M | $1.3B | −$1.2B | 0.81% | −12.4% |
| Port Huron, MI3802Mainly land/other | $740.8M | $457.6M | $1.2B | −$283.2M | 0.77% | +29.1% |
| Indianapolis, IN4110Mainly air | $348.4M | $759.2M | $1.1B | $410.9M | 0.71% | −16.9% |
| Wilmington, NC1501Mainly vessel | $684.5M | $339.8M | $1.0B | −$344.7M | 0.66% | +2.6% |
| Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, WA3029Mainly air | $521.9M | $384.5M | $906.5M | −$137.4M | 0.58% | +16.1% |
| Providence, RI0502Mainly vessel | $888.6M | $466.2K | $889.1M | −$888.2M | 0.57% | −20.0% |
| San Diego, CA2501Mainly vessel | $858.0M | $12.8M | $870.8M | −$845.2M | 0.56% | −33.5% |
| Charlotte, NC1512Mainly air | $520.5M | $266.1M | $786.6M | −$254.4M | 0.51% | +39.4% |
| Oakland, CA2811Mainly vessel | $305.3M | $447.0M | $752.3M | $141.6M | 0.48% | −11.3% |
| Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY0901Mainly land/other | $338.1M | $402.1M | $740.3M | $64.0M | 0.48% | −17.9% |
| Detroit Metropolitan Airport, MI3807Mainly air | $555.2M | $166.9M | $722.2M | −$388.3M | 0.46% | +20.0% |
| Greenville-Spartanburg, SC1603Mainly land/other | $649.8M | $63.1M | $712.9M | −$586.8M | 0.46% | −34.5% |
| Denver, CO3307Mainly land/other | $500.8M | $198.8M | $699.6M | −$301.9M | 0.45% | +34.7% |
| Philadelphia International Airport, PA1108Mainly air | $306.7M | $324.4M | $631.0M | $17.7M | 0.41% | −24.2% |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN3501Mainly land/other | $509.7M | $65.1M | $574.9M | −$444.6M | 0.37% | −9.7% |
| Cincinnati-Lawrenceburg, OH4102Mainly air | $412.7M | $113.5M | $526.1M | −$299.2M | 0.34% | +15.2% |
| Mobile, AL1901Mainly vessel | $471.5M | $49.6M | $521.0M | −$421.9M | 0.34% | +4.2% |
| Gramercy, LA2010Mainly vessel | $8.1M | $462.9M | $471.1M | $454.8M | 0.30% | −8.6% |
| Carquinez Strait, CA2830Mainly vessel | $447.7M | $0 | $447.7M | −$447.7M | 0.29% | −40.0% |
| Huntsville, AL1910Mainly air | $148.7M | $283.2M | $431.9M | $134.5M | 0.28% | −58.9% |
| Louisville, KY4115Mainly air | $266.4M | $159.1M | $425.5M | −$107.2M | 0.27% | +71.9% |
Port figures are subtotals: they add up to the listed-port total, not the national total above. Shares are of trade through the ports listed. Main mode is each port’s mode by trade value over the latest twelve months, not its gateway type. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticCK estimateSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- Listed U.S. ports of entry and exit handling trade with Germany
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- Monthly values summed over the period by CK Economics. Total trade (imports + exports), balance, shares of the listed-port total, ranks and year-on-year changes calculated by CK Economics
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value. Port figures are subtotals and don’t add up to the national total. Listed ports only: Census’s pseudo-ports (mail, low-value shipments, vessels under their own power) and unnamed ports are left out.
Largest ports for trade with Germany, by trade
U.S. dollars · January–August 2026 · port subtotals
- Imports
- Exports
- Chicago, ILImports: $9.1BExports: $5.7B
- Charleston, SCImports: $7.9BExports: $3.3B
- Newark, NJImports: $9.4BExports: $1.5B
- JFK International Airport, NYImports: $5.0BExports: $5.2B
- New Orleans, LAImports: $3.8BExports: $5.7B
- Norfolk-Newport News, VAImports: $6.1BExports: $2.4B
- Atlanta, GAImports: $7.3BExports: $1.2B
- Cleveland, OHImports: $2.3BExports: $4.2B
- Houston, TXImports: $3.5BExports: $2.9B
- Baltimore, MDImports: $5.8BExports: $340.3M
Top 10 = 59.6% of U.S. trade with Germany through the ports listed.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticCK estimateSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- Listed U.S. ports of entry and exit handling trade with Germany
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- Monthly values summed over the period by CK Economics. Total trade (imports + exports), balance, shares of the listed-port total, ranks and year-on-year changes calculated by CK Economics
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value. Port figures are subtotals and don’t add up to the national total. Listed ports only: Census’s pseudo-ports (mail, low-value shipments, vessels under their own power) and unnamed ports are left out.
View data table
| Port | Imports | Exports |
|---|---|---|
| Chicago, IL | $9.1B | $5.7B |
| Charleston, SC | $7.9B | $3.3B |
| Newark, NJ | $9.4B | $1.5B |
| JFK International Airport, NY | $5.0B | $5.2B |
| New Orleans, LA | $3.8B | $5.7B |
| Norfolk-Newport News, VA | $6.1B | $2.4B |
| Atlanta, GA | $7.3B | $1.2B |
| Cleveland, OH | $2.3B | $4.2B |
| Houston, TX | $3.5B | $2.9B |
| Baltimore, MD | $5.8B | $340.3M |
Trade with Germany by the ports’ main mode
U.S. dollars · January–August 2026 · every listed port
- Imports
- Exports
- Mainly vesselImports: $52.8BExports: $19.6B
- Mainly airImports: $40.4BExports: $33.0B
- Mainly land/otherImports: $5.9BExports: $3.3B
- MixedImports: $292.6MExports: $50.5M
Ports grouped by their main mode by trade value over the latest twelve months (vessel or air at least half; land/other when vessel and air together are under half; otherwise mixed). A port’s group says how most of its trade moves, not what kind of gateway it is.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticCK estimateSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- Listed U.S. ports handling trade with Germany
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- Monthly values summed over the period by CK Economics. Ports grouped by their main mode over the latest twelve months, and each group summed, by CK Economics
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value. A port’s group says how most of its trade moves, not what kind of gateway it is.
View data table
| Main mode by value | Imports | Exports |
|---|---|---|
| Mainly vessel | $52.8B | $19.6B |
| Mainly air | $40.4B | $33.0B |
| Mainly land/other | $5.9B | $3.3B |
| Mixed | $292.6M | $50.5M |
Monthly U.S. imports from and exports to Germany
U.S. dollars · January 2025–August 2026 · national totals
- Imports
- Exports
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January 2025–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- U.S. trade with Germany, all U.S. customs districts
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- None: figures as published
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value.
View data table
| Month | Imports | Exports |
|---|---|---|
| Jan 2025 | $13.6B | $6.1B |
| Feb 2025 | $12.7B | $5.8B |
| Mar 2025 | $15.7B | $8.1B |
| Apr 2025 | $13.2B | $7.3B |
| May 2025 | $13.2B | $6.5B |
| Jun 2025 | $11.1B | $7.3B |
| Jul 2025 | $12.8B | $6.6B |
| Aug 2025 | $11.1B | $7.0B |
| Sep 2025 | $11.9B | $7.3B |
| Oct 2025 | $12.0B | $6.9B |
| Nov 2025 | $13.4B | $6.9B |
| Dec 2025 | $15.3B | $7.2B |
| Jan 2026 | $10.5B | $5.9B |
| Feb 2026 | $9.6B | $7.1B |
| Mar 2026 | $13.5B | $8.1B |
| Apr 2026 | $13.9B | $8.1B |
| May 2026 | $13.4B | $7.6B |
| Jun 2026 | $13.6B | $6.9B |
| Jul 2026 | $13.2B | $6.9B |
| Aug 2026 | $13.1B | $7.3B |
Monthly U.S. goods balance with Germany
U.S. dollars, exports − imports · January 2025–August 2026 · national totals
- Deficit (below zero)
- Surplus (above zero)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port); released 2026-10-16; retrieved 2026-10-16. Not seasonally adjusted.
Official statisticCK estimateSource figures as of October 16, 2026Sources & methods
- Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, International Trade API (goods trade by country, national and by U.S. port)
- Period covered
- January 2025–August 2026
- Source figures as of
- October 16, 2026
- Geography
- U.S. trade with Germany, all U.S. customs districts
- Sector
- International trade in goods
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not seasonally adjusted
- Transformations
- Balance (exports − imports) calculated by CK Economics
- Revisions
- When Census publishes a new month, CK re-collects the previous 12; older months are re-collected after Census’s annual revision each June, or sooner if Census’s totals for them change. Revised figures replace earlier ones.
- Data status
- Each month passes CK’s release checks (complete, totals reconcile with Census’s, no sharp jumps) before it is published.
- Limitations
- Goods only, not services. General imports at customs value, total exports at f.a.s. value.
View data table
| Month | Balance |
|---|---|
| Jan 2025 | −$7.6B |
| Feb 2025 | −$6.8B |
| Mar 2025 | −$7.5B |
| Apr 2025 | −$5.9B |
| May 2025 | −$6.7B |
| Jun 2025 | −$3.8B |
| Jul 2025 | −$6.2B |
| Aug 2025 | −$4.1B |
| Sep 2025 | −$4.6B |
| Oct 2025 | −$5.1B |
| Nov 2025 | −$6.5B |
| Dec 2025 | −$8.1B |
| Jan 2026 | −$4.6B |
| Feb 2026 | −$2.4B |
| Mar 2026 | −$5.4B |
| Apr 2026 | −$5.7B |
| May 2026 | −$5.8B |
| Jun 2026 | −$6.7B |
| Jul 2026 | −$6.3B |
| Aug 2026 | −$5.8B |
Products · live from Census
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Germany: GDP per capita, current prices
Gross domestic product at current prices in U.S. dollars, divided by the population.
Official statisticIMF forecastSource figures as of October 8, 2026 · International Monetary Fund’s own, as published, To 2031Sources & methods
- Sources
- International Monetary Fund
- Period covered
- 1980 – 2025
- Source figures as of
- October 8, 2026
- Geography
- Germany
- Sector
- Whole economy (not a single sector)
- Seasonal adjustment
- Not applicable
- Transformations
- None: figures as published
- Forecast method
- International Monetary Fund’s own, as published
- Assumptions
- International Monetary Fund’s own
- Horizon
- To 2031
- Interval
- Not recorded
- Backtest
- See the publisher
- Revisions
- Replaced with the source’s latest figures whenever it revises them.
- Data status
- Current
Download and source
- Every value (CSV) · JSON
- Full series page: methodology, revisions and citation →
- International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (WEO October 2026). Source series NGDPDPC. Licence: IMF terms of use (https://www.imf.org/en/About/copyright-and-terms). At the source ↗
Definitions
Read the figures alike
Every figure keeps its source’s definition; where two sound alike but are measured differently, the difference is here.
- GDP in dollars
- The IMF converts GDP at current prices at each year’s market exchange rate, so the dollar figure moves with the currency. GDP per person at purchasing power parity converts at the cost of the same basket of goods in every country instead, which suits comparisons of living standards. The World Bank’s GDP at constant 2015 prices takes price changes out, so it measures volume: use it, or the growth rates, to see how much output changed.
- Growth
- Annual growth (IMF) compares a whole year with the year before. The OECD’s quarterly figures are seasonally adjusted and compare a quarter with the previous quarter (not annualized) or with the same quarter a year earlier. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis reports quarterly growth at an annualized rate, roughly four times the quarter-on-quarter change. The three need not agree in any one period.
- Inflation
- The IMF’s annual inflation is the change in the average consumer price level over a whole year. The monthly figure compares one month with the same month a year earlier, so it turns sooner and swings more. Both use the national consumer price index.
- Unemployment
- The IMF’s annual unemployment rate follows each country’s national definition (age limits, what counts as looking for work), so levels are not strictly comparable across countries. The OECD’s monthly rates follow the ILO definition for most members. Labour force participation and employment to population are ILO modelled estimates for everyone aged 15 and over, on one definition for every country; national figures, often for ages 16 to 64, are higher.
- Trade
- The Trade section is U.S. Census Bureau goods trade between this country and the United States only, month by month. Exports and imports as a share of GDP are the World Bank’s figures for goods and services with every partner. The current account (IMF) is the balance of goods and services trade with every partner plus income flows.
- Sectors
- Sector shares are value added as a percentage of GDP. They don’t add up to 100%: GDP also includes taxes less subsidies on products. Manufacturing is part of industry, which also covers mining, construction and utilities. Sector growth is the change in real value added at constant local-currency prices.
- Latest values and forecasts
- Each latest figure is the most recent period the source does not label a projection; for some countries the IMF’s latest years are its staff estimates. Values the IMF projects are labelled “IMF forecast” wherever they appear. They are the IMF’s, not CK Economics’.